12/16/2023 0 Comments Adium smart drugmodafinil has been extensively evaluated for cognitive modulation in healthy humans, and appears safe for widespread use’. 6Ī recent review used a single search engine and provided a narrative description of the same and similar, mainly single dose studies without describing critical appraisal or quality of included studies. The reviewers concluded that since most of the studies were short-term single dose studies, no comment can be made on dependence development and drug tolerance. Adverse reactions common to both drugs included headache, dizziness, tachycardia, nervousness and insomnia. Some, usually benign, side effects were reported leading to a few drop-outs. Most research involves small experimental studies and not large scale clinical trials and most have no standardised method to assess adverse reactions or report dropouts due to side effects. 6 Indeed, dexamfetamine given to the US military as ‘go-pills’ have been associated with ‘friendly-fire’ incidents. It appeared that modafinil induced overconfidence, interfering with the ability to accurately self-assess cognitive performance. The effect of modafinil depends partly on the individual baseline performance, having greater effect on those with a lower IQ. However, repeated doses did not prevent cognitive decrement for prolonged sleep deprivation and simply maintained wakefulness. A single dose maintained wakefulness, memory, and executive functions in moderately sleep-deprived individuals. Modafinil had moderate enhancing effects on individuals who were not sleep-deprived, namely on attention. 6 For methylphenidate there was no consistent evidence for neuroenhancement, although there was some evidence for memory enhancement, notably spatial working memory in laboratory tests. One robust systematic review and meta-analysis of healthy individuals used two search engines, discussed the methodological quality of included studies, and presented an evidence synthesis.
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